Our Sun has been doing the same thing for the past four and a half billion years – converting the hydrogen in its core to helium, producing huge amounts of energy in the process. And it’ll keep on doing that for billions of years more.
Over the eons, that slow, steady change produces major consequences: The Sun gets bigger and brighter as it ages. That trend has important consequences for Earth and the other planets.
As a star converts more and more hydrogen into helium, the core shrinks. That squeezes the core, which makes it hotter. That revs up the rate of nuclear reactions, which increases the amount of energy produced in the core. That energy pushes outward on the surrounding layers of gas, making the star expand. It also increases the total amount of energy the star radiates into space, making it brighter.
Models of how stars evolve say the newborn Sun probably was only about 70 percent as bright as it is now. But that creates some problems. Studies show that Mars was much warmer in the distant past, for example. But if the Sun was fainter, that shouldn’t be the case – the young planet should have been a desolate iceball.
In the future, the Sun will continue to get brighter, which is bad news for Earth. In a billion years or so, our star will be about 10 percent brighter than it is now. That extra energy may be enough to vaporize the oceans – turning our planet into a burned-out cosmic cinder.
Script by Damond Benningfield