For 500 million years, the galaxy known as XMM 2599 churned out the equivalent of a thousand suns per year. Then, about 12 billion years ago, the star factory shut down — the galaxy stopped making stars at all.
It’s possible that the galaxy used up all the gas for making stars. But it’s also possible that the gas was blown out of the galaxy — by a supermassive black hole.
Black holes themselves only pull things in. Anything that falls into a black hole is lost — nothing can come back out. But as gas and dust fall toward a black hole, they form a wide, thin disk around it. As material piles up in the disk it gets hot — up to millions of degrees. At that temperature, it produces a strong “wind” of charged particles.
The black holes in the hearts of galaxies are millions or billions of times the mass of the Sun. So the disks around them can be huge and brilliant. And their winds can be massive. They can “blow” outward at up to a quarter of the speed of light. And like a strong desert breeze blowing sand, a black-hole wind can blow away the gas and dust around it — hundreds of times the mass of the Sun per year. That can shut down starbirth in the surrounding galaxy.
But the picture is complicated. Black-hole winds can also cause the birth of new stars. The winds can squeeze clouds of gas and dust, causing them to collapse and create stars — all in the hot wind from a black hole.
More about black holes tomorrow.
Script by Damond Benningfield